Summary of The Practice of Management Written by Peter Drucker Free Essay Example, 1000 words

After highlighting the problems, Drucker provided appropriate solutions that were implemented by the companies and worked extremely well. There is a detailed discussion about how and why the solutions worked for the company. This indeed gives the reader an exact picture of the problem that companies often come across and how they should be managed. In this part, Drucker has discussed the importance of the managers in a business. A company cannot be successful unless it is blessed with honest and hardworking managers. A manager can make or break the company. He says that managers are not only expensive because they collect huge salaries from the company but even their single wrong decision can force the company to collapse (Byrne, 2005). He then talks about Henry Ford, owner of the Ford Motor Company and how he ran his business without any managers. According to Drucker, it is something very stupid to run a company without managers associated with it and it is even worse to see the c ompanies like Ford to do the same. This part consists of three different analyses. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of The Practice of Management Written by Peter Drucker or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Juxtaposition In Truman Capotes In Cold Blood - 1416 Words

For centuries, men and women have murdered each other for greed, lust, revenge, etc. However, in 1959, Truman Capote traveled to Holcomb, Kansas to discover the other side of murder. Truman Capote, author of In Cold Blood, offers a close examination of the horrid murder of the Clutter family. He explored how two men of different backgrounds, ethnicities, and personalities joined together to kill an innocent family for riches. Capote provides different points of view through each of his character’s eyes for his readers’ better understanding of the murderers. The use of juxtaposition compares and contrasts Dick to Perry, the murders. Capote succeeds with using juxtaposition to reveal the murderers how he perceived them. Truman Capote†¦show more content†¦He verbally demands to be removed from the conversation. He also subtly bullies Perry by calling him a baby for mentioning his worries. Dick finds Perry’s confusion and commentary rather irritating because it is a reminder of the murder. Following the emotionally ‘flat’ perspective by Dick, is Perry’s self-pity attitude during his own chapter. Perry knows the annoyance of his voice to Dick, but has no control over his actions. With only having one thought repeated indefinitely, â€Å"I think there must be something wrong with us† (capote 30), one would need to vent in some manner. To continue, Perry’s pity persona even has the author himself take pity on him: â€Å"Look at his family!† (Capote 30). Capote demands the reader to acknowledge Perry’s grim adolescence and suicidal family: â€Å"His mother, an alcoholic, had strangled to death on her own vomit...Fern...jumped out a window...Jimmy...had one day driven his wife to suicide and killed himself the next† (Capote 30). Capote pities Perry and portrays him as human, instead of the monster everyone believes him to be. Capote explains how Perry’s mental state and upcoming is the reason he is mentally unstable. Capote exposes not all criminals are monsters. Referring back to Dick’s passage, Dick claims â€Å"Perry could be â€Å"such a kid,† always wetting the bed and crying in his sleep† (Capote 29). Perry never matured from his depressing childhood, and he remained a in this state into adulthood. Returning to Perry’sShow MoreRelatedTruman Capote s The Cold Blood1705 Words   |  7 Pages Truman Capote’s â€Å"In Cold Blood† is widely considered today as the first â€Å"non-fiction novel.† Published in 1966 and the fruit of over 6 years of research, the novel is an account of the gruesome murder of the Clutter family by two fellow ex-convicts Perry Smith and Dick Hickock. The four members of the Clutter household, Kenyon, Nancy, Bonnie, and Herbert Clutter were all taken to a different location in the house and promptly executed, each by a brutal shot to the head with a 12-gauge shotgunRead MoreIn Cold Blood by Trump Capote550 Words   |  2 PagesIn 1966 Truman Capote shocked the world with a novel unlike anything ever seen before. 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Not to give a history lesson or a news story, but to present how two men of different backgroundsRead MoreAnalysis Of Truman Capote s Cold Blood 1271 Words   |  6 Pages Mass murders portrayed and embodied the simplicity of being human. Truman Capote, author of In Cold Blood, devoted his life to give his audience every glimpse of the horrid murder of the Clutter family. Not to give a history lesson or a news story, but to present how two men of different backgrounds, ethnicities, and personalities joined together to kill an innocent family for riches. Never seen as monsters, but humans. Never seen as murders, but victims of deranged minds. Capote allows differentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Cold Blood 1431 Words   |  6 PagesWithin the pages of In Cold Blood, Truman Capote examines the two men involved in the murder of the Clutter family in somewhat different ways. Perry and Dick are compared in their narratives throughout the novel revealing that they have contrasting personalities. Capote provides a lengthy history of Perry’s past and, in contrast, very little than he does with Dick. He may do this in order to show the audience that there are dramatic differences between a vulnerable Perry and the cynical, cruel DickRead MoreAdam Pesce Ap Lang In Cold Blood: ORB Project HISTORICAL CONTEXT: In Cold Blood, a 1966 book800 Words   |  4 PagesAdam Pesce Ap Lang In Cold Blood: ORB Project HISTORICAL CONTEXT: In Cold Blood, a 1966 book by author Truman Capote, tells the true story of the barbaric 1959 murders of a successful farmer from Holcomb, Kansas, Herbert Clutter, his wife, and two of their four children. When Capote was informed about the murder of these four innocent souls before the two selfish men were captured, he decided to travel to Kansas and write about the crime. Nelle Harper Lee, a childhood friend and fellow authorRead MoreA Brief Note On Criminology And The Novel The Cold Blood 930 Words   |  4 Pagespublic by the masses, a fascination that can be seen from reality TV shows such as â€Å"Cops† to fiction works of â€Å"Law and Order†, and to other spectrum of non-fiction such as NPR’s â€Å"Serial† outlining the murder of Hei Min Li in the 90’s and Truman Capote’s â€Å"In Cold Blood.† These examinations of non-fiction amass such a cult following for a reason, and it’s because it makes a goo d story. A story that would otherwise be boring were it not for the selection and elimination of certain facts to wind a taleRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of In Cold Blood1782 Words   |  8 PagesIn Cold Blood Rhetorical Analysis Essay In Truman Capote’s captivating nonfiction, In Cold Blood, Capote ventures through the journey and lives of both the killed and the killers all while analyzing the point in which they crossed paths. From the days before the four Clutters were murdered to the last moments of the two killers’ lives, Capote takes into account each and every aspect that creates the ‘famous’ Clutter Case with an in depth look of just how and why these strange and unforeseeable eventsRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1464 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Steinbeck subtly foretells Lennie’s future murder of not only the puppy, but also of a young woman in his novella, Of Mice and Men. Much like George and Lennie, the characters Willie-Jay and Perry have a similar relationship in Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood. Willie-Jay, despite his minor role in the story, serves as Perry’s mentor and foreshadows his future violent actions with his insight in to Perry’s character, also providing a positive influence to contrast Perry’s partner in crime, DickRead MoreAnalysis Of Truman Capote s The Cold Blood Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesSummary: In Truman Capote‘s, In Cold Blood, the story of the 1959 Clutter Family murder is revealed. The audience is introduced to Perry Smith and Dick Hickock as they tune their car and acquire both a shotgun and a knife to rob Herbert Clutter of his â€Å"vast† fortune hidden, in what they assumed to be, a safe. Little did these men know that Herb’s fortune was hidden in the checks he used in substitute for money, and by the time they came to this realization, it was too late. What was supposed to be

Tractor Trailers free essay sample

February 2013 Learning something new can be a very scary experience. One of the hardest things I’ve ever had to do was to learn how to drive a tractor-trailer. Truck driving has been in my family for generations. Since I was a young child I always knew I wanted to be able to drive tractor-trailers. I spent a large portion of my childhood around big trucks and have always found driving such a large vehicle to be exciting. I decided that learning how to drive tractor-trailers was a valuable skill to learn and also to maybe carry on the family legacy of truck driver. The biggest reason I wanted to learn however, was simply because I thought it was fun and I enjoyed it. I never wanted it to be a full-time job, but it could be a skill that I could always have to fall back on. What I never realized is just how hard it was going to be to learn to drive and how much more there was to learn other than just driving. We will write a custom essay sample on Tractor Trailers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I remember watching my father and my uncle’s drive and they made it look so easy. I thought it would be like driving a car, but I was certainly wrong about that, I had no idea what I was about to get myself into. I was about to turn 18 years old and not only getting ready to graduate high school but also getting ready to learn how to drive tractor-trailers. There was so much more to learning how to drive tractor-trailers than I thought. I always knew that I had to get a commercial driver license, which is a special license to drive large vehicles, but I never realized how much information that was required to know. There are three separate parts to the commercial drivers license test. The written test, the pre and post inspection test, and of course the road test. The way it went was each section has to be completed prior to Martin2 moving on to the next. The written test was to be completed first. This was the easiest for part for me, it was very similar to a regular driving test. There is a driving manual with all the traffic laws and all the technical rules that come along with driving commercial vehicles. I was going for a Class A CDL, which is tractor-trailers. It was simple, I studied the manual for a couple weeks and I took the test and I not only passed, but I got a perfect score. It helped that there were quite a few multiple-choice questions. I remember being so excited that day because I had been the same day I received all my final grades for my last semester and knew that I was officially done with high school. However, thinking back on the situation I think I became overconfident from my success on the written test because what was to follow was certainly harder than I ever could have imagined. Secondly, came the pre and post inspection tests. These tests were hard for me because of all the parts of the tractor and trailer that had to inspected. I had some basic knowledge of tractor-trailers, but certainly not as much as I needed to know. I remember looking at the lists of areas and specific parts of the tractor-trailer that needed to be inspected and being very intimidated. Nonetheless, I knew from that start that it was going to be a challenge so for a couple of weeks every chance I got I would be studying my fathers tractor-trailer. I would get up early before my father went to work. I would come home early from school. I would sieze every opportunity had to study every single part on that list. One night I actually stayed up so late that I overslept the next morning and missed my graduation practice. Worst part about that was I got a detention for a non-excused absence. I didn’t mind though because it just gave me more time to study. It had been over two weeks of studying that truck and I felt that there was no more that I could do to prepare myself for the test. The next day after school my father and I drove the big rig up to Concord, NH to the Division of Martin 3 Motor Vehicles headquarters. The pre and post inpection and the road test must be done here. The written test can be taken at any local DMV branch. I was a nervous wreck, I just wanted to pass so bad. The test was very strict, not even one error was allowed so I had to be perfect. However, hard work always pays off and I was able to achieve another perfect score. I remember being so happy and relieved at the same time. I knew how hard I worked and the amount of time that I inevested in studying for this test. Now that I had two perfect scores with one more test to go, it was time to go back to work. Now it was time for the road test. For me, getting to this part was a reward for passing the previous two because I considered the actual driving to be the easiest part. Although not legally, I had already been driving since I was 14 years old. I would always go one trips with my father when I had school vacation or whenever I had any exteneded period of free time. He loved teaching me how to drive, I remember having so much fun going on these trips with him. When we would get on the inter-state highways he would let me drive. It allowed me to get a sense of how to control the truck. The better I got he would let me drive on more curvy roads and also at slower speeds so I could practice shifting through the gears. Down-shifting through the gears was the hardest part for me. There is a technique called â€Å"double clutching† that is used to downshift, and it is very hard to master. However, practice makes perfect, it only took a few days for me to master that technique. It was now time to make the trip to Concord to take the road test. I was not nearly as nervous this time because I was so confident in my driving that I knew I had no need to worry. My father and I pulled into the DMV and out came the instructor. He climbed into the truck, my father climbed out, and the test began. I passed the test with no errors and once again I got a perfect score. That meant I Martin 4 passed the entire CDL exam with a perfect score, an achievement not done very often. I remember the instructor telling me that and him saying that at age 18 I was already one of the better driver’s he had seen. It was now official, I was a certified Class A Commercial Truck Driver. It had been about a two month journey and it was now done. It was such special time in my life, not only did I just get a CDL, but I was a week away from graduating high school. The sense of accomplishment had never been higher to that point in my life. I was ready to enter the next chapter of my life. I remember growing up, and all the cliches I would hear about life such as,â€Å"Practice makes perfect†, â€Å"Hard work always pays off†, and â€Å"Never give up†. I never realized just how true these cliches really are. I worked so hard be able to aquire a CDL, there were times that I wanted to give up but I knew that I just had to keep going. I learned a lot about myself while going through that whole process. The determination and perseverance that I showed made me realize I can do anything if I really work for it. The life-lessons that I learned will carry on on for the rest of my life

Internet Cookies Essays - Internet Privacy, World Wide Web

Internet Cookies Internet Cookies Most Experienced Web visitors and even new ones know about cookies these days. Cookies are small data files that are being put on your hard drive by Web sites when you visit them. They do this for many different reasons. One of them is to identify you as a distinctive visitor by identifying your Web browser software. When your return to the Web site that has stored a cookie, it will search your computer for those cookies, and they will know what you were doing in the past. It may update your cookie. This way the site can customize its contents depending on previous activities. It will also allow the site to provide customized news, weather, sports information, and many other things based on stated interests. In theory, a cookie only transmits information back to the Web site that put it there and cant be accessed by other parties. But some Internet advertising companies had crossed the limits of using their own cookies. These companies use cookies to create highly sophisticated profi les of online visitors, most of the time without visitors knowledge and usually without their consent DoubleClick Whenever I go to any site on the Web and I see an advertisement, I DoubleClick on it in order to view it. DoubleClick has taken the first step in building a profile on my surfing habits. From this point on, until I change browser, buy a new computer, or delete my cookie files, DoubleClick can track my browsers activity across all sites. DoubleClick controls sixty percent of the banner ad market. This profiling powerhouse collects data about where I go and what I do on line. DoubleClick rents or sells this data to other companies, allowing them to broadcast advertising e-mails to recipients whoses urfing habits fit a desired profile. DoubleClick associates these files through cookies obtained on my hard drive. By sending out junk e-mail with graphics, advertisers can match e-mail addresses with previously issued cookies. Privacy advocates contend that DoubleClicks use of cookies is an invasion of privacy and could lead to misuse of the information. Consumer Privacy and Cookies Under the Options or Preferences menus, most current Web browsers can be set to reject cookies or alert surfers when one is being sent, but this may prevent you from accessing some sites at all. In March 1998, the U.S Department of Energys Computer Incident Advisory Capability released a study on cookies, in which it stated that, The vulnerability of systems to damage or snooping using Web browser cookies is essentially nonexistent. Advertisers love online profiling, it enables them for an opportunity to make people interested in their products or services. Many consumers agree if Web banner ads are a fact of life, then why not make them as relevant to their needs as possible, but the argument of a different perspective is that people should at least know about it. Online profiling companies say that cookies alone do not provide personally identifiable information, such as name and e-mail address, but just because its not tied with you name, its tied with your identity. What could be more personal than information about our buying habits, our interests, and ourselves? Many consumers like the targeted marketing and special offers that come with online profiling, others find it invasive, even frightening. Either way, we should make the decision of whether to share the data or not. Computers and Internet

Essay on good bose

Essay on good bose Essay on good bose Let your success show in the person you become, rather than your accomplishments. Rather than trying to impress others with what you can do (and have done) – let your character and demeanor convey your power in every interaction with others. You’ll find that people usually care less about what you’ve done than who you are. A truly successful person never has to say a word about their accomplishments, because it’s written all over them. The greatest thing about this inner journey to success is that it automatically causes the floodgates of prosperity to open and shower you with other benefits, like money and prestige. Of course, by then they’re just a nice bonus to the greatest benefit of success – who you’ve become along the way. Characteristics To Make A Good Boss Every successful company is usually led by a good boss, who is decisive, A good listener and effective. In my opinion, a decisive boss is a person, who comes up with a decision quickly and correctly. In order to make workers’ confidence and orient ability in dealing with problems, a good boss should be a decision-makers whenever the company has problems. For example, when there is any problem, the decisive boss does not let workers wait for the boss’ decisions. In addition, a good listener boss always brings a comfortable working environment to workers. Workers will be able to share comfortably with the boss when they have difficulties, such as unclear information,

10 Easy Steps to Getting a New Job in 2017

10 Easy Steps to Getting a New Job in 2017 Desperate for a new job? Experts suggest it takes roughly one month per $10,000 of income to find a new job. But if you’re currently jobless or just plain miserable in your current situation, you might want to accelerate the process. Luckily, there are ways to fast track your job search process, provided you prepare yourself to launch your search with all your ducks in row. That means assembling the strongest application possible, as quickly as possible.Here are 10 steps to getting a new job and get where you want to be.1. Compile Your ReferencesStart by reviewing what resources are available to you- in particular, collecting reference letters from previous employers, showing how valuable you proved yourself to be. That sort of thing can be incredibly useful once you make it to the interview stage.2. Personalize Your ResumeNow is not the time to send out your standard, generic resume. Target your resume specifically to the job you want. Make sure to include your biggest accomp lishments, and show them in quantifiable terms. How much money did you raise in that campaign? How many employees did you supervise? And you can be sure to skip the outdated â€Å"Objective† statement at the top. Replace that with a succinct and surgically worded summary.3. Spread the WordDon’t hesitate to tell people you’re looking. Now is the time to expand your network and call upon your contacts if there is anything concrete they could do for you in the company or industry you’re applying for. Remember that most open positions are never shared online- and certainly won’t make it to the big job search engines. So get yourself in the game.4.  Optimize Your TimingIf you can afford to wait for the peak hiring times of the year, that might put you in a better position. The biggest months for new hires are January, February, October, and late September. Try to make your contact at the start of either of these two cycles, and spend the off times str eamlining your profiles and getting ready to charge in at the right moment.5. Build your BrandDouble and triple check any information about you that is available in public. Google yourself. Then take a serious look at your LinkedIn and other social media profiles. Make sure you’re presenting the best and most polished version of yourself- and also the most coherent narrative across the multiple platforms. Remember, in the job search, you are a salesperson selling yourself as the product. Put yourself in the best possible light for best results.6. Keep LookingEven if your dream application is in, don’t stop applying. Worst case scenario, you’ll end up juggling offers, which is never a bad position to be in. This doesn’t mean you should apply to every job you come across that might fit your qualifications; make a more targeted search of companies you’d like to work for and jobs that you could really do well.7. Dress Like a ManagerIf you’re luc ky enough to get an interview, remember that first impressions do matter- a lot. Put some time and research into figuring out how people tend to dress when they’re successful in your field. Then aim to replicate that look. When in doubt, clean, classy, and professional can’t go wrong.8. Bone Up on Your Interview SkillsThis is crucially important. Think of the interview as the exam at the end of a long semester. You’ve already made it this far; you just need to keep the right information in your head to ace the test. Do your homework. Prepare to answer questions that are most likely to come up. And prepare a few good ones of your own- you will definitely be asked whether you have questions.9. Be YourselfSo often people forget to be themselves in an interview, to their detriment. Prepare, but not to the point of coming off as rehearsed or fake. Go in there and be as authentic as possible. Use storytelling to convince them of your candidacy. The more you showcase o f yourself, the better idea a recruiter or hiring manager will have of your capabilities in the context of the job.10. Be GraciousSo many people forget or ignore this important step. After your interview, be sure to send a handwritten thank you note- immediately. This reiterates your interest, displays your decorum, and is a nice way to get your name back in the mind of your interviewer. If you have to do it by email, that’s always better than nothing.

Emergency Service Managment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency Service Managment - Research Paper Example The term ‘incident’ denotes certain occurrences such as chemical leakage or fire outbreak which require immediate reaction. The incidents can be dealt with by using limited resources or with the assistance of emergency services. However, when those incidents become serious, it necessitates management direction in order to address the broader effect. This, in turn, creates an emergency situation which typically includes interference with emergency services. Effective emergency management is highly reliant on good emergency readiness. It requires guidelines and planning for every common reasonable event. The guidelines can result in secure practices in the organizations which can ensure health, fitness, and wellness of fire-fighters. In the fire department, there are four principles for managing the emergency. The ‘National Fire Protection Association’ (NFPA) standard had recognized numerous issues with respect to maintaining health, fitness, and wellness of f ire-fighters. One of the most significant issues of health and safety is an infection. The fire-fighters are vulnerable to several kinds of infections due to hazardous materials and body fluids. The NFPA 1582 standard requires fire-fighters to reduce the probability of disease and injury from infections. The standard operating guideline of fire department recommends active attempts for restricting the spread of infection and transmissible diseases by making available different immunizations, vaccinations and other treatments.... The following diagram will depict the four principles that are followed in emergency service management: Source: (Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, â€Å"DEECD Emergency Management Guidelines†) Issues in Emergency Service Management of Fire Department The ‘National Fire Protection Association’ (NFPA) standard had recognized numerous issues with respect to maintaining health, fitness and wellness of fire-fighters. One of the most significant issues of health and safety is infection. The fire-fighters are vulnerable to several kinds of infections due to hazardous materials and body fluids. The NFPA 1582 standard requires fire-fighters to reduce the probability of disease and injury from infections. The standard operating guideline of fire department recommends active attempts for restricting the spread of infection and transmissible diseases by making available different immunizations, vaccinations and other treatments (United States Fire Admi nistration, â€Å"Guide To Managing An Emergency Service Infection Control Program†). The other issue for health, fitness and wellness of fire-fighters is record keeping. It is essential for fire department to maintain a record for all employees regarding health so that appropriate measures can be taken in order to ensure fitness. The NFPA 1581 standard requires fire department to drive infection control events and to maintain private health records regarding all work-related injuries, sicknesses and exposures of fire-fighters along with toxic materials and spreadable illnesses (United States Fire Administration, â€Å"Guide To Managing An Emergency Service Infection Control Program†). Every fire-fighter should study how to protect from probable infections and prevent fleeting

Can the Government Stabilize the Economy (3 sections) Research Proposal

Can the Government Stabilize the Economy (3 sections) - Research Proposal Example . Such scarcity, whether natural or man-made, makes it necessary for everyone to stretch whatever limited resources he has. Resources can be financial or physical. Practically every one has to make hard choices, to make trade-offs as between one good or service and another. A decision to have one or more of one thing means that one will have less of something else. The relevant cost of any decision is its opportunity cost- the value of the next best alternative one has to give up. Economists stress that one must always calculate the opportunity cost of any specific choice. It would be an ideal situation if a policy maker had all the resources with which to grow the national economy. Scarcity is not the basic premise of growing an economy but rather the availability and the optimal utilization of resources. A country such as the United States has considerable amount and diversity of resources such that it can become self-sufficient; however, less naturally endowed countries would have to grapple with dire scarcity to some degree and will have to procure resources other countries. In a particular case where a country has to consider only what resources it has within its national borders, it will have to make choices about how to use them to maximize or optimize production. In a simplified production possibility frontier (PPF) model where a country has limited resources and a given technology and has only two outputs from a fixed supply of inputs, the decision maker has to make decision about the various combinations of the two outputs, such as wheat and soybeans, or foodstuff and computers. The production of food alone and none of computers will likely not use the resources available in an optimal way. The ideal combination might lie between the two extremes where a certain proportion of resources are employed for the production of food and computers jointly. The concept of the production possibilities frontier comes to our mind – it shows the

Therapeutic Landscape Essay Example for Free

Therapeutic Landscape Essay The article in particular mirrors the transformation and redefinition of human’s needs through this continuous tide of human evolution. Brought by the shining glimpse of modernity it points out the aspect of human living, in particular with the rising importance and role of the landscape where people choose or actually reside. Cited in the article numerous times, the view of people regarding the landscape where they live in has become very relevant on how they view themselves and others. Brought by the weight of modernity, good landscape image in terms of availability of economic means together with a healthy environment, have become a social factor in itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another strength of the article, it attacks in particular the view of how a positive landscape should integrate the main aspect of health, and how communities within a particular region could be divided and actually co exist in two main groups with different views of their landscape, one that is health affirming and the other as health denying. The importance of image on landscape, developed a strong societal gap that often leads to a more conflicting and negative view on living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe the purpose of this paper showed was to be able to explain why there is a larger and more important weight that landscape holds in molding perceptions in communities. It also aims to explain how societies or communities adapt to such changes and perceptions where certain psychological aspects of the community sink in. Particularly with the citation in on p.2 wherein as â€Å"perception of activities change, the place in which they occur may be stigmatized.† Before industrialization was an economic booster, it is a very demanded and needed activity, but as time progressed, the products and wastes have become alarming that the city was stigmatized to be ‘unhealthy.’ The importance of redefining or masking that perception has become important because people who actually live in those places are stigmatized. Outsiders perceive them to abhor and allow the lifestyle because they actually live there. It is quite logical if one might think of it. It’s like being associated with friends, â€Å"tell me who your friends are and I’ll tell you who you are.† It may not necessarily true and concise, but nothing beats the first perception. However certain assumptions like that do not result from baseless proof. Just what the paper stated on what industrialization stood for the people before and what it stood now. People are associated with images, that is why the landscape, as part of their preference or lifestyle, is greatly put into consideration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Given certain notations wherein an area is stigmatized, in this case the North End, it widens the societal gap by actually alienating that particular area therefore providing slim access to economic and social development for people who reside there. Being in one community, the article clearly emphasized how divided a certain community might be. The others, trying very hard to mask and redefine the image of the industrialized Hamilton, by exhausting efforts to improve health/landscape, at the same time making North End a certain scapegoat of housing the bad or unhealthy side of Hamilton. The paper had extensive evidence to state that through various interviews from residents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The efforts of creating such a positive image just widen the societal gap and psychological behavior of people. At the end image has become very important without attacking the core of its decline, instead it creates a more divided community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I agree that the idea that Hamilton needs to strike a good impression in the outside world is very contrasting to the method of redefining a healthy landscape. The failure to accept the ills of the community by masking it and actually resulting to division and misconception to promote better and more sound solution to their societal problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have been witnesses of what modernity has evolved our minds and perceptions of good and bad, healthy and unhealthy. The fact that we exist in communities, we take pride in images and perception. Status has become very important in us, that is why we tend to study and label every aspect of our lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The particular aspect that alarms me is the never ending circle of division that exists in Hamilton. People who dwell in ‘healthier’ landscapes pride themselves and the city and affirming the positive side of the community, at the expense of using the North End part as a certain scapegoat, therefore alienating that particular place. Instead of reaching out and including the place in development, it has been perceived to be a place that makes Hamilton quite unattractive. Certain alienations have made people at North End are influenced to think of their status and support from their neighborhoods who also feel the same way. The division entails more gaps in certain communities, therefore their view of healthy or unhealthy environment seem skewed as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since it’s a very pending issue, nobody seem to think of its importance, but now we tend to assess our own communities and try to assess how truly ‘healthy’ it is. Since Hamilton is a live case, it is not hard to imagine finding other communities with Hamilton’s similar example.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has become an important educator in terms of perceiving a certain ‘healthy landscape’ and how it plays a big role in the psychological perceptions of people. It made me realize how important image is and how it maneuvers society.

Movie Essays - Oedipal Hamlet in Film -- Movie Film comparison compare

Oedipal Hamlet on Film      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has commonly been suggested by such disciples of Sigmund Freud as Ernest Jones that Shakespeare's character of Hamlet is the victim of an Oedipus complex. While any reading of the play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark that focuses on the text and not the psychoanalytical fads of the current age disproves any notion of Hamlet's oedipal nature, many film artists have followed popular psychology and have adopted this theory for the screen. Whether out of precedent, pressure, or some need to discover some complex in Hamlet, this has become a very popular trend for filmmakers. Seeing as how it is impossible to do a production of Hamlet without addressing Hamlet's relationship with Gertrude, Hamlet, Sr., and Claudius, the following will be a discussion of several filmic Hamlets, and the presence, or absence of these Freudian notions. While certainly not the first production of Hamlet for the big screen, Laurence Olivier's 1948 adaptation is the first full length commercial version, and is still highly regarded today. In this film Gertrude looks at Hamlet more like a lover than a mother, gazing at him lustfully whenever he is present. Gertrude's affection is not limited to these gazes, however, as upon Hamlet's agreement to remain at Elsinore she kisses him deep and long on the lips, like a lover. Olivier's Hamlet is initially aggressive toward Gertrude during the closet scene, but after the visit from the ghost he becomes as affectionate as Gertrude is in the beginning. Hamlet speaks to Gertrude tenderly, and she responds accordingly. He then gives her a deep long kiss to seal their pact against Claudius. Taken out of context the scene would appear to be a conversation and love-pact between two ... ...ed complexes and have given us Hamlets free of supposed incestuous wishes and confused notions. This reverence for the script and lack of supposition give the viewer a more accurate view of Hamlet that is more in keeping with the complex mind Shakespeare offered his audience.    Works Cited and Consulted Branagh, Kenneth. "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare: Sreenplay, Introduction, and Film Diary. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reeseman, and John R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Leong, Virginia. "Hamlet Article from The Australian." 06 December 1997. (07 December 1997) Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The Riverside Shakespeare. ED. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Haughton Mifflin Company, 1974.

Electronics and Communication Engineering (Ece) Syllabus Book R07

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING I YEAR COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject English Mathematics – I Mathematical Methods Applied Physics C Programming and Data Structures Network Analysis Electronic Devices and Circuits Engineering Drawing Computer Programming Lab. IT Workshop Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab English Language Communication Skills Lab. Total T 2+1 3+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 25 P/D 3 3 3 3 3 15 C 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 56JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING II Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Mathematics – III Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes Environmental Studies Signals and Systems Electrical Technology Electronic Circuit Analysis Electronic Circuits Lab. Electrical Technology Lab. II YEAR II Semester Code Subject Pulse and Digital Circuits Control Systems Object Oriented Programming Switching Theory and Logic Design EM Waves and Transmission Lines Analog Communications Analog Communications Lab.Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab. T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 I Semester JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING III Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis Computer Organization Linear IC Applications Digital IC Applications Antennas and Wave Propagation Digital Communications Digital Communications Lab.IC Applications and ECAD Lab. T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 II Semester Subject Management Science Telecommunication Switching Systems Digital Signal Processing VLSI Design Microwave Engineering Microprocessors and Interfacing Electronic Computer Aided Design Lab. Advanced English Communication Skills Lab T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 I Semester III YEAR CodeJAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING IV Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Computer Networks Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Cellular and Mobile Communications Radar Systems Elective-I Micro Controllers and Applications Television Engineering Operating Systems Elective-II Digital Image Processing Satellite Communications Data Base Management Systems Microwave and Optical Communications Lab.Digital Signal Processing Lab IV Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Optical Communications Elective-III Embedded and Real Time Systems Bio-Medical Instrumentation Digital Design Through Verilog Elective-IV Wireless Communications and Networks DSP Processors and Architectures Artificial Neural Networks Industry Oriented Mini Project Seminar Project Work Comprehensive Viva T 4+1* 4+1* P C 4 4 T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* P C 4 4 4 4 4 I Semester 4+1* – 4 30 3 3 6 2 2 28 II Semester 4+1* †“ 4 15 – 2 2 10 2 28 Note :All End Examinations (Theory and Practical) are of three hours duration. * – Tutorial T – Theory P – Practical C – Credits D – Drawing I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 2+1* ENGLISH P 0 C 4 1. INTRODUCTION : In view of the growing importance of English as a tool for global communication and the consequent emphasis on training students to acquire communicative competence, the syllabus has been designed to develop linguistic and communicative competence of Engineering students.The prescribed books and the exercises are meant to serve broadly as students’ handbooks. In the English classes, the focus should be on the skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking and for this the teachers should use the text prescribed for detailed study. For example, the students should be encouraged to read the texts/selected paragraphs silently. The teachers can ask comprehension questions to stimulate discussion and based on the discussions students can be made to write short paragraphs/essays etc.The text for non-detailed study is for extensive reading/reading for pleasure by the students. Hence, it is suggested that they read it on their own with topics selected for discussion in the class. The time should be utilized for working out the exercises given after each section , as also for supplementing the exercises with authentic materials of a similar kind for example, from newspaper articles, advertisements, promotional material etc.. However, the stress in this syllabus is on skill development and practice of language skills. 2.OBJECTIVES: a. To improve the language proficiency of the students in English with emphasis on LSRW skills. b. To equip the students to study academic subjects with greater facility through the theoretical and practical components of the English syllabus. c. To develop the study skills and communication skills in formal and inform al situations. 3. SYLLABUS : Listening Skills: Objectives 1. To enable students to develop their listening skill so that they may appreciate its role in the LSRW skills approach to language and improve their pronunciation 2.To equip students with necessary training in listening so that can comprehend the speech of people of different backgrounds and regions Students should be given practice in listening to the sounds of the language to be able to recognise them, to distinguish between them to mark stress and recognise and use the right intonation in sentences. †¢ Listening for general content †¢ Listening to fill up information †¢ Intensive listening †¢ Listening for specific information Speaking Skills : Objectives 1. To make students aware of the role of speaking in English and its contribution to their success. 2.To enable students to express themselves fluently and appropriately in social and professional contexts. †¢ Oral practice †¢ Describing obj ects/situations/people †¢ Role play – Individual/Group activities (Using exercises from all the nine units of the prescribed text: Learning English : A Communicative Approach. ) †¢ Just A Minute(JAM) Sessions. Reading Skills: Objectives 1. To develop an awareness in the students about the significance of silent reading and comprehension. 2. To develop the ability of students to guess the meanings of words from context and grasp the overall message of the text, draw inferences etc. Skimming the text †¢ Understanding the gist of an argument †¢ Identifying the topic sentence †¢ Inferring lexical and contextual meaning †¢ Understanding discourse features †¢ Recognizing coherence/sequencing of sentences NOTE : The students will be trained in reading skills using the prescribed text for detailed study. They will be examined in reading and answering questions using ‘unseen’ passages which may be taken from the non-detailed text or othe r authentic texts, such as magazines/newspaper articles. Writing Skills : Objectives 1. To develop an awareness in the students about writing as an exact and formal skill 2.To equip them with the components of different forms of writing, beginning with the lower order ones. †¢ Writing sentences †¢ Use of appropriate vocabulary †¢ Paragraph writing †¢ Coherence and cohesiveness †¢ Narration / description †¢ Note Making †¢ Formal and informal letter writing †¢ Editing a passage 4. TEXTBOOKS PRESCRIBED: In order to improve the proficiency of the student in the acquisition of the four skills mentioned above, the following texts and course content, divided into Eight Units, are prescribed: For Detailed study 1. LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2006. Six Selected Lessons) For Non-detailed study 2. WINGS OF FIRE: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, Abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India ) Pvt. Ltd. , 2004. A. STUDY MATERIAL: Unit –I 1. Astronomy from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. 2. Unit –II Chapters 1-4 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 Information Technology from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005.Chapters 5-8 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 Humour from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. Chapters 9-12 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises. , Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 Environment from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. Chapters 13-16 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Univ ersities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 3. 4.Unit –III 5. 6. Unit –IV 7. 8. Unit –V 9. Inspiration from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. 10. Chapters 17-20 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004. Unit – VI 11. Human Interest from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. 12. Chapters 21-24 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. , 2004. * Exercises from the lessons not prescribed shall also be used for classroom tasks.Unit – VII Exercises on Reading and Writing Skills Reading Comprehension Situational dialogues Letter writing Essay writing Unit – VIII Practice Exercises on Remedial Grammar covering Common errors in English, Subject-Verb agreement, Use of Articles and Prepositions, Tense and aspect Vocabulary development covering Synonyms & Antonyms, one-word substitutes, prefixes & suffixes, Idioms & phrases, words often confused. REFERENCES : 1. Strengthen Your English, Bhaskaran & Horsburgh, Oxford University Press 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Basic Communication Skills for Technology, Andrea J Rutherfoord, Pearson Education Asia.Murphy’s English Grammar with CD, Murphy, Cambridge University Press English Skills for Technical Students by Orient Longman Everyday Dialogues in English by Robert J. Dixson, Prentice-Hall of India Ltd. , 2006. English For Technical Communication, Vol. 1 & 2, by K. R. Lakshmi Narayanan, Sci tech. Publications. A Hand book of English for Engineers & Technologists by Dr. P. Eliah, B. S. Publications. Developing Communication Skills by Krishna Mohan & Meera Benerji (Macmillan) Speaking and Writing for Effective Business Communication, Francis Soundararaj, MacMillan India Ltd. , 2007.The Oxford Guide to Writing and Speaking, John Seely, O xford I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1* MATHEMATICS – I P 0 C 6 UNIT – I Differential equations of first order and first degree – exact, linear and Bernoulli. Applications to Newton’s Law of cooling, Law of natural growth and decay, orthogonal trajectories. UNIT – II Non-homogeneous linear differential equations of second and higher order with constant coefficients with RHS term of the type e ax , Sin ax, cos ax, polynomials in x, e ax V(x), xV(x), method of variation of parameters.UNIT – III Rolle’s Theorem – Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem – Cauchy’s mean value Theorem – Generalized Mean Value theorem (all theorems without proof) Functions of several variables – Functional dependenceJacobian- Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables with constraints and without constraints UNIT – IV Radius, Centre and Circle of Curvature – Evolu tes and Envelopes Curve tracing – Cartesian , polar and Parametric curves. UNIT – V Applications of integration to lengths, volumes and surface areas in Cartesian and polar coordinates multiple integrals – double and triple integrals – change of variables – change of order of integration.UNIT – VI Sequences – series – Convergences and divergence – Ratio test – Comparison test – Integral test – Cauchy’s root test – Raabe’s test – Absolute and conditional convergence UNIT – VII Vector Calculus: Gradient- Divergence- Curl and their related properties of sums- products- Laplacian and second order operators. Vector Integration – Line integral – work done – Potential function – area- surface and volume integrals Vector integral theorems: Green’s theorem-Stoke’s and Gauss’s Divergence Theorem (With out proof). Verification o f Green’s – Stoke’s and Gauss’s Theorems.UNIT – VIII Laplace transform of standard functions – Inverse transform – first shifting Theorem, Transforms of derivatives and integrals – Unit step function – second shifting theorem – Dirac’s delta function – Convolution theorem – Periodic function – Differentiation and integration of transforms-Application of Laplace transforms to ordinary differential equations Partial fractions-Heaviside’s Partial fraction expansion theorem. Text Books: 1. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Vol-1 T. K. V. Iyengar, B. Krishna Gandhi and Others, S. Chand & Company. 2.A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, C. Sankaraiah, V. G. S. Book Links. 3. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Shahnaz Bathul, Right Publishers. 4. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, P. Nageshwara Rao, Y. Narasimhulu & N. Prabhakar Rao, Deepthi Publications. References: 1 . A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, B. V. Raman, Tata Mc Graw Hill. 2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin Kreyszig, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 3. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Thamson Book Collection. I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1*P 0 C 6 MATHEMATICAL METHODS UNIT – I Matrices and Linear systems of equations: Elementary row transformations-Rank-Echelon form, Normal form – Solution of Linear Systems – Direct Methods- LU Decomposition- LU Decomposition from Gauss Elimination –Solution of Tridiagonal Systems-Solution of Linear Systems UNIT – II Eigen values, eigen vectors – properties – Cayley-Hamilton Theorem – Inverse and powers of a matrix by Cayley-Hamilton theorem – Diagonolization of matrix. Calculation of powers of matrix – Modal and spectral matrices.UNIT – III Real matrices – Symmetric, skew – symmetric, orthogonal, Linear T ransformation – Orthogonal Transformation. Complex matrices: Hermitian, Skew-Hermitian and Unitary – Eigen values and eigen vectors of complex matrices and their properties. Quadratic forms- Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form – Rank – Positive, negative definite – semi definite – index – signature – Sylvester law. UNIT – IV . Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations: Introduction – The Bisection Method – The Method of False Position – The Iteration Method – Newton-Raphson Method.Interpolation: Introduction- Errors in Polynomial Interpolation – Finite differences- Forward DifferencesBackward differences –Central differences – Symbolic relations and separation of symbols-Differences of a polynomial-Newton’s formulae for interpolation – Central difference interpolation Formulae – Gauss Central Difference Formulae –Interpolation with unevenly spaced points-Lagrange’s Interpolation formula. UNIT – V Curve fitting: Fitting a straight line –Second degree curve-exponentional curve-power curve by method of least squares. Numerical Differentiation and Integration– Trapezoidal rule – Simpson’s 1/3 Rule –Simpson’s 3/8 Rule.UNIT – VI Numerical solution of Ordinary Differential equations: Solution by Taylor’s series-Picard’s Method of successive Approximations-Euler’s Method-Runge-Kutta Methods –Predictor-Corrector Methods- AdamsMoulton Method –Milne’s Method. UNIT – VII Fourier Series: Determination of Fourier coefficients – Fourier series – even and odd functions – Fourier series in an arbitrary interval – even and odd periodic continuation – Half-range Fourier sine and cosine expansions. Fourier integral theorem (only statement)– Fourier sine and cosine integral s.Fourier transform – Fourier sine and cosine transforms – properties – inverse transforms – Finite Fourier transforms. UNIT – VIII Formation of partial differential equations by elimination of arbitrary constants and arbitrary functions – solutions of first order linear (Lagrange) equation and nonlinear (standard type) equations. Method of separation of variables. z-transform – inverse z-transform – properties – Damping rule – Shifting rule – Initial and final value theorems. Convolution theorem – Solution of difference equation by z-transforms. Text Books: 1. Mathematical Methods, T. K. V. Iyengar, B. Krishna Gandhi and Others, S.Chand & Company. 2. Mathematical Methods, C. Sankaraiah, V. G. S. Book Links. 3. A text book of Mathematical Methods, V. Ravindranath, A. Vijayalaxmi, Himalaya Publishers. 4. A text book of Mathematical Methods, Shahnaz Bathul, Right Publisshers. References: 1. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, B. V. Raman, Tata Mc Graw Hill. 2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin Kreyszig, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 3. Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation, M. K. Jain, S. R. K. Iyengar & R. K. Jain, New Age International Publishers. 4. Elementary Numerical Analysis, Aitkinson & Han, Wiely India, 3rd Edition, 2006 I Year B.Tech. ECE UNIT I JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 2+1* APPLIED PHYSICS P 0 C 4 BONDING IN SOLIDS : Introduction – Types of bonding in solids – Estimation of cohesive energy – Madelung constant. CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION: Introduction -Space lattice – Basis – Unit cell Lattice parameter – Bravais lattices – Crystal systems – Structure and packing fractions of Simple cubic Body centered cubic – Face centered cubic crystals – Directions and planes in crystals – Miller indices Separation between successive [h k l] planes – Diffraction of X-rays by crystal planes – Bragg’s law – Laue method – Powder method.UNIT II PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS: Waves and particles – Planck’s quantum theory – de Broglie hypothesis – Matter waves – Davisson and Germer experiment – G. P. Thomson experiment – Heisenberg uncertainty principle – Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation – Physical significance of the wave function – Particle in one dimensional potential box. UNIT III ELECTRON THEORY OF METALS: Classical free electron theory – Mean free path – Relaxation time and drift velocity – Quantum free electron theory – Fermi-Dirac distribution (analytical) and its dependence on temparature – Fermi energy – Electron scattering and resistance.BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS: Bloch theorem – Kronig-Penney model (qualitative treatment) – Origin of ener gy band formation in solids – Classification of materials into conductors, semi conductors & insulators Concept of effective mass of an electron. UNIT IV DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES: Introduction – Dielectric constant – Electronic, ionic and orientational polarizations – Internal fields in solids – Clausius – Mossotti equation – Dielectrics in alternating fields – Frequency dependence of the polarizability – Ferro and Piezo electricity.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES : Permeability – Magnetization – Origin of magnetic moment – Classification of magnetic materials – Dia, para and ferro magnetism – Hysteresis curve – Soft and hard magnetic materials. UNIT V SEMICONDUCTORS : Introduction – Intrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration – Equation for conductivity – Extrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration – Drift and diffusion – Einstein’s equatio n Hall effect – Direct & indirect band gap semiconductors.SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: General properties – Meissner effect – Penetration depth – Type I and Type II superconductors – Flux quantization – DC and AC Josephson effect –BCS Theory – Applications of superconductors. UNIT VI LASERS: Introduction – Characteristics of Lasers – Spontaneous and stimulated emission of radiation Einstein’s coefficients – Population inversion – Ruby laser – Helium-Neon Laser – CO2 laser -Semiconductor Laser – Applications of lasers.UNIT VII FIBER OPTICS AND HOLOGRAPHY: Introduction – Principle of optical fiber – Acceptance angle and acceptance cone – Numerical aperture – Types of optical fibers and refractive index profiles – Attenuation in optical fibers – Application of optical fibers – Basic principles of holography – Construction and reco nstruction of image on hologram – Applications of holography. UNIT VIII SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF NANOMATERIALS: Introduction to Nano materials – Basic principles of Nanoscience & Technology – Fabrication of nano materials – Physical & chemical properties of nanomaterials – Carbon nanotubes – Applications of nanotechnology.TEXTBOOKS: 1. Applied Physics 2nd edition by Dr. P. Appala Naidu & Dr. M. Chandra Shekar, V. G. S. Book links. 2. Introduction to Solid State Physics by C. Kittel ; Wiley Eastern Ltd. 3. Nanotechnology by Mark Ratner and Daniel Ratner; Pearson Education. REFERENCES: 1. Materials Science and Engineering by V. Raghavan; Prentice-Hall India. 2. Materials Science by M. Arumugam; Anuradha Agencies. 3. Solid State Physics by N. W. Ashcroft & N. David Merwin; Thomson Learning. 4.Materials Science by M. S. Vijaya & G. Rangarajan; Tata McGraw Hill. 5. Solid State Physics by P. K. Palanisamy; Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd. 6. Nano Materials by A. K. Bandyopadhyay, New Age International Publishers. 7. Applied Physics by P. K. Mittal; I. K. International. 8. Applied Physics by K. Vijay Kumar & T. Sreekanth; S. Chand & Company Ltd. I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1* C PROGRAMMING AND DATA STRUCTURES P 0 C 6UNIT – I Algorithm / pseudo code, flowchart, program development steps, structure of C program, A Simple C program, identifiers, basic data types and sizes, Constants, variables, arithmetic, relational and logical operators, increment and decrement operators, conditional operator, bit-wise operators, assignment operators, expressions, type conversions, conditional expressions, precedence and order of evaluation. Input-output statements, statements and blocks, if and switch statements, loops- while, do-while and for statements, break, continue, goto and labels, programming examples.UNIT – II Designing structured programs, Functions, basics, paramete r passing, storage classes- extern, auto, register, static, scope rules, block structure, user defined functions, standard library functions, recursive functions, header files, C preprocessor, example c programs. UNIT – III Arrays- concepts, declaration, definition, accessing elements, storing elements, arrays and functions, twodimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, applications of arrays. pointers- concepts, initialization of pointer ariables, pointers and function arguments, address arithmetic, Character pointers and functions, pointers to pointers, pointers and multidimensional arrays, dynamic memory managements functions, command line arguments, c program examples. UNIT – IV Derived types- structures- declaration, definition and initialization of structures, accessing structures, nested structures, arrays of structures, structures and functions, pointers to structures, self referential structures, unions, typedef, bitfields, C program examples.UNIT – V In put and output – concept of a file, text files and binary files, streams, standard I/o, Formatted I/o, file I/o operations, error handling, C program examples. UNIT – VI Searching – Linear and binary search methods, sorting – Bubble sort, selection sort, Insertion sort, Quick sort, merge sort. UNIT – VII Introduction to data structures, singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, circular list, representing stacks and queues in C using arrays and linked lists, infix to post fix conversion, postfix expression evaluation.UNIT – VIII Trees- Binary tress, terminology, representation, traversals, graphs- terminology, representation, graph traversals (dfs & bfs) TEXT BOOKS : 1. Computer science, A structured programming approach using C, B. A. Forouzan and R. F. Gilberg, Third edition, Thomson. 2. DataStructures Using C – A. S. Tanenbaum, Y. Langsam, and M. J. Augenstein, PHI/Pearson education. REFERENCES : 1. C& Data structures – P. P admanabham, B. S. Publications. 2. The C Programming Language, B. W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie, PHI/Pearson Education 3. C Programming with problem solving, J. A. Jones & K. Harrow, dreamtech Press 4.Programming in C – Stephen G. Kochan, III Edition, Pearson Eductaion. 5. Data Structures and Program Design in C, R. Kruse, C. L. Tondo, BP Leung, Shashi M, Second Edition, Pearson Education. I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD T 2+1* NETWORK ANALYSIS P 0 C 4 UNIT – I Introduction to Electrical Circuits Circuit Concept – R-L-C parameters – Voltage and Current sources – Independent and dependent sourcesSource transformation – Voltage – Current relationship for passive elements – Kirchoff’s laws – network reduction techniques – series, parallel, series parallel, star-to-delta or delta-to-star transformation.UNIT – II A. C Circuits – I R. M. S and Average value s and form factor for different periodic wave forms, Steady state analysis of R, L and C (in series, parallel and series parallel combinations) with sinusoidal excitation – Concept of self and mutual inductances – co-efficient of coupling series circuit analysis with mutual inductance. UNIT – III A. C Circuits – II Resonance – series, parallel circuits, concept of band width and Q factor. Three phase circuits: Phase sequence – Star and delta connection – Relation between line and phase voltages and currents in balanced systems – Calculations of active and reactive power.UNIT – IV Network topology Definitions – Graph – Tree, Basic cutset and Basic Tieset matrices for planar networks – Loop and Nodal methods of analysis of Networks with independent and dependent voltage and current sources – Duality & Dual networks. UNIT – V Network Theorems Tellegens, Superposition, Reciprocity, Thevinin ’s, Norton’s, Max Power Transfer theorem. Milliman’s Theorem – Statement and proofs problem solving using dependent and independent sources for d. c and a. c excitation.UNIT – VI Two-port networks Z,Y, ABCD, h-parameters – Conversion of one parameter to another parameter – condition for reciprocity and symmetry – 2 port network connections in series, parallel and cascaded – problem solving. UNIT – VII Transient Analysis Transient response of R-L, R-C, R-L-C circuits (Series combinations only) for d. c. and sinusoidal excitations – Initial conditions – Solution using differential equation approach and Laplace transform methods of solutions. UNIT – VIII Filters L. P, H. P, B. P, B. E, Prototype filters design – M-derived filters of L.P. and H. P. – Composite filter design of L. P. and H. P design of various symmetrical attenuators. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Network Analysis – ME Van V alkenburg, Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition, 2000. 2. Networks, Lines and Fields – JD Ryder, PHI, 2nd Edition, 1999. REFERENCES : 1. Engineering Circuit Analysis – William Hayt and Jack E Kemmerly, McGraw Hill, 5th Edition, 1993. 2. Network Analysis – N. C. Jagan and C. Lakshminarayana, B. S. Publications, 2006. 3. Electric Circuits – J. Edminister and M. Nahvi – Schaum’s Outlines, TMH, 1999. . Electrical circuits by A. Chakarborthy, Dhanpath Rai & Co. , I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1* ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS P 0 C 6 UNIT-I ELECTRON DYNAMICS AND CRO: Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. Simple problems involving electric and magnetic fields only. Electrostatic and magnetic focusing. Principles of CRT, deflection sensitivity (Electrostatic and magnetic deflection), Parallel Electric and Magnetic fields, Perpendicular Electric and Magnetic fields.UNIT- II JUNCTIO N DIODE CHARACTERISTICS : Review of semi conductor Physics – n and p –type semi conductors, Mass Action Law, Continuity Equation, Hall Effect, Fermi level in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Open-circuited p-n junction, The p-n junction Energy band diagram of PN diode, PN diode as as a rectifier (forward bias and reverse bias), The current components in p-n diode, Law of junction, Diode equation, Volt-ampere characteristics of p-n diode, Temperature dependence of VI characteristic, Transition and Diffusion capacitances, Step graded junction, Breakdown Mechanisms in Semi Conductor (Avalanche and Zener breakdown) Diodes, Zener diode characteristics, Characteristics of Tunnel Diode with the help of energy band diagrams, Varactar Diode, LED, LCD. And photo diode UNIT- III RECTIFIERS, FILTERS AND REGULATORS : Half wave rectifier, ripple factor, full wave rectifier, Harmonic components in a rectifier circuit, Inductor filter, Capacitor filter, L- ? section filter, ? à ¢â‚¬â€œ section filter, Multiple Lsection and Multiple ? section filter, and comparison of various filter circuits? n terms of ripple factors, Simple circuit of a regulator using zener diode, Series and Shunt voltage regulators UNIT- IV TRANSISTOR and FET CHARACTERISTICS : Junction transistor, Transistor current components, Transistor as an amplifier, Transistor construction, Detailed study of currents in a transistor, Transistor alpha, Input and Output characteristics of transistor in Common Base, Common Emitter, and Common collector configurations, Relation between Alpha and Beta, typical transistor junction voltage values, JFET characteristics (Qualitative and Quantitative discussion), Small signal model of JFET, MOSFET characterisitics (Enhancement and depletion mode), Symbols of MOSFET, Comparison of Transistors, Introduction to SCR and UJT.UNIT-V BIASING AND STABILISATION : BJT biasing, DC equivalent model, criteria for fixing operating point, Fixed bias, Collector to base bia s, Self bias techniques for stabilization, Stabilization factors, (S, S ‘, S'’), Compensation techniques, (Compensation against variation in VBE, Ico,) Thermal run away, Thermal stability, UNIT- VI AMPLIFIERS : Small signal low frequency transistor amplifier circuits: h-parameter representation of a transistor, Analysis of single stage transistor amplifier using h-parameters: voltage gain, current gain, Input impedance and Output impedance. Comparison of transistor configurations in terms of AI , Ri , Av , Ro, UNIT- VII FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS : Concept of feedback, Classification of feedback amplifiers, General characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers, Effect of Feedback on input and output characteristics, Voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, and current shunt feedback amplifiers with discrete components and their analysis UNIT-VIII OSCILLATORS : Condition for oscillations.RC-phase shift oscillators with Transistor and FET, Hartley and Colpitts oscillator s, Wein bridge oscillator, Crystal oscillators, Frequency and amplitude stability of oscillators, TEXT BOOKS : 1. Electronic Devices and Circuits – J. Millman, C. C. Halkias, and Satyabratha Jit Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Ed. , 2007. 2. Electronic Devices and Circuits – R. L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Pearson/Prentice Hall,9th Edition,2006. REFERENCES : 1. Electronic Devices and Circuits – T. F. Bogart Jr. , J. S. Beasley and G. Rico, Pearson Education, 6th edition, 2004. 2. Principles of Electronic Circuits – S. G. Burns and P. R. Bond, Galgotia Publications, 2nd Edn.. , 1998. 3. Microelectronics – Millman and Grabel, Tata McGraw Hill, 1988. 4.Electronic Devices and Circuits – Dr. K. Lal Kishore, B. S. Publications, 2nd Edition, 2005. 5. Electronic Devices and Circuits- Prof GS N Raju I K International Publishing House Pvt . Ltd 2006 I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 0 ENGINEERING DRAWING P 3 C 4 UNIT – I Introduction to engineering graphics – construction of ellipse, parabola and hyperbola – cylindrical curves. UNIT – II Orthographic projections of points, lines and planes – axis inclined to one planes and inclined to both the planes. UNIT – III Orthographic projections of solids : Cylinder, cone, prism, pyramid and sphere positions and axis inclined to both the planes.UNIT – IV Isomeric projections of lines, planes and simple solids UNIT – V Conversion of orthographic views into isometric views and vice-versa. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Engineering drawings By N. D. Bhatt 2 Engineering graphics By K. L. Narayana & P. Kannayya REFERENCES:1. Engineering drawing and graphics: Venugopal/ New age 2. Engineering drawing : Johle / TMH I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 0 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LAB P 3 C 4 Objectives: †¢ To make the student learn a programming language. †¢ To teach the student to write programs in C solve the problems †¢ To Introduce the student to simple linear and non linear data structures such as lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.Recommended Systems/Software Requirements: †¢ †¢ Intel based desktop PC ANSI C Compiler with Supporting Editors Week l. a) Write a C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive integer. b) A Fibonacci Sequence is defined as follows: the first and second terms in the sequence are 0 and 1. Subsequent terms are found by adding the preceding two terms in the sequence. Write a C program to generate the first n terms of the sequence. c) Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 1 and n, where n is a value supplied by the user. Week 2. a) Write a C program to calculate the following Sum: Sum=1-x2/2! +x4/4! -x6/6! +x8/8! -x10/10! b) Write a C program toe find the roots of a quadratic equation.Week 3 a) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions i) To find the factorial of a given integer. ii) To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers. iii) To solve Towers of Hanoi problem. Week 4 a) The total distance travelled by vehicle in ‘t’ seconds is given by distance = ut+1/2at2 where ‘u’ and ‘a’ are the initial velocity (m/sec. ) and acceleration (m/sec2). Write C program to find the distance travelled at regular intervals of time given the values of ‘u’ and ‘a’. The program should provide the flexibility to the user to select his own time intervals and repeat the calculations for different values of ‘u’ and ‘a’. ) Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator form the user, performs the operation and then prints the result. (Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and use Switch Statement) Week 5a) Write a C program to find both the larges and smallest number in a list of integers. b) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following: i) Addition of Two Matrices ii) Multiplication of Two Matrices Week 6 a) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations: i) To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position. ii) To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string. ) Write a C program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not Week 7 a) Write a C program that displays the position or index in the string S where the string T begins, or – 1 if S doesn’t contain T. b) Write a C program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text. Week 8 a) Write a C program to generate Pascal’s triangle. b) Write a C program to construct a pyramid of numbers. Week 9 Write a C program to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this geometric progression: 1+x+x2+x3+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. +xn For example: if n is 3 and x is 5, then the program computes 1+5+25+125. Print x, n, the sum Perform error checking. For example, the formula does not make sense for negative exponents – if n is less than 0. Have your program print an error message if n

Bullying: America’s Worst School Issue Essay

Did you know that a massive amount of students in America are being bullied? What is bullying? According to Webster’s New World Pocket Dictionary, bullying â€Å"is the act of threatening weaker people.† There are many different types of bullying that we will be discussing too. This subject has a huge impact on students that are against bullying. Bullying is the most important issue in schools, because it can cause insecurity, suicidal thoughts and public embarrassment. Bullying can cause insecurity. To be insecure means not to be confident or think less of his or her self. This can cause an individual not to trust anyone, and feel as if they do not have any friends. The child has no choice, but to put up with it because they do not confide in anyone. Insecurity can affect his or her performance in school. According to huffingtonpost.com â€Å"The study shows that students who reported being bullied in the 10th grade saw a slight decrease in GPA by 12th grade — but the change is sharper for black and Latino students who tend to earn high grades. While the overall decrease in GPA for bullied students over the studied period was 0.049 points (on a GPA scale with 0 being the lowest and 4 being the highest), black students saw a 0.3-point decrease in 12th grade GPA from a 3.5 GPA in 9th grade — before they were bullied.† Without a doubt, insecurity can lead to depression; which is like the torrent of tears. Bullying can cause suicidal thoughts. What are suicidal thoughts? They are thoughts about killing oneself. The person being bullied thinks it is the only way out; by murdering themselves. For example; according to japantoday.com, on December 10, 2012 in Japan, a 13-year-old girl was hit by a train in Zama, Kanagawa Prefecture. She committed suicide as a result of bullying. Insecurity can also lead to the act of suicide. Again another suicidal thought can be caused by the child not being heard by anyone to speak to about the bullying. As a result many students do this because of stress, pressure, and a result of helplessness. They are crying out for help and don’t know how else to get it. Bullying can cause a great amount of public embarrassment. Being embarrassed publicly is the worst way to ever be embarrassed. People you know or do not know will see, and laugh at you. Bullying includes public embarrassment, because the bully may bring a crowd or have a entourage with them. Since technology has rapidly advanced, the bullying may be videotaped and put on YouTube or Facebook. Many instances of Cyber Bullying come from these websites. According to huffingtonpost.com â€Å"15-year-old Amanda Todd committed suicide October 25, 2012, many blamed cyber bullying as the cause.† Todd had posted a video to YouTube documenting instances of cyber bullying that included texts and Facebook posts; Todd also indicated she was bullied physically. Public embarrassment by a bully may leave you with injuries that will heal, but the memories last forever. Therefore, we need to stop this! Bullying is wrong and it affects a child’s future enormously. Although there are other problems students face in schools, like stealing or plagiarism, bullying can have the most severe and long-lasting effects for adolescents during the critical years. We as students should not let anyone else feel inferior. The bullies should be sent to psychologists to discuss why they chose to display their anger in such a format. According to bullyingstatistics.org 1 in 4 students are being bullied in the United States on a regular basis. We need to end this America! If you see someone being bullied, report to higher authority. As reported by bullyingstatistics.org 35% of teens have been bullied online; let’s end it! As stated on bullyingstatistics.com 77% are verbally abused; let’s that! Bullying is very serious, and we need stop it to create a better future for the children.

Free Essays on Social Stratification

Everywhere you go you attempt to classify all that you see. Every stimulus goes into some specific group or ranking. This is a necessary aspect of life in order to make sense of the world in which we live. However, one must begin to wonder if some of this classifying has negative aspects. People placed in a certain group might have more privileges and advantages than others. Social Stratification has become important in identifying why certain people get certain things. According to our textbook social stratification is viewed as, â€Å"the ranking or grading of individuals and groups into hierarchical layers.†(Hughes, 171) This in turn â€Å"†¦represents structured inequality in the allocation of rewards, privileges, and resources.† (Hughes 171) This brings up some interesting questions. Is there any way that equality is possible? Will there always be poverty in our society? With the help of our textbook, as well as outside sources I plan on studying the current trends of stratification. Along with this I hope to show that while not impossible, total equality is quite unrealistic. It’s a subject that I’m sure has been on a lot of peoples mind since the beginning of civilization as we know it. Most societies have been and continue to organize their institutions so that that the benefits and burdens are systematically distributed unequally among different categories of people. Some might say that poverty is necessary however unfortunate. Without poor individuals a lot of necessary yet â€Å"dirty† jobs would never get done. Also some might point out that there are limited resources and that it should be a fight to see who gets what and how much. Others may feel differently and believe that equality should be a human right and every individual should have an opportunity at the resources. Yet in order to change the system from unequal to equal the people at the top of the hierarchal pyramid would have to give up some of... Free Essays on Social Stratification Free Essays on Social Stratification Everywhere you go you attempt to classify all that you see. Every stimulus goes into some specific group or ranking. This is a necessary aspect of life in order to make sense of the world in which we live. However, one must begin to wonder if some of this classifying has negative aspects. People placed in a certain group might have more privileges and advantages than others. Social Stratification has become important in identifying why certain people get certain things. According to our textbook social stratification is viewed as, â€Å"the ranking or grading of individuals and groups into hierarchical layers.†(Hughes, 171) This in turn â€Å"†¦represents structured inequality in the allocation of rewards, privileges, and resources.† (Hughes 171) This brings up some interesting questions. Is there any way that equality is possible? Will there always be poverty in our society? With the help of our textbook, as well as outside sources I plan on studying the current trends of stratification. Along with this I hope to show that while not impossible, total equality is quite unrealistic. It’s a subject that I’m sure has been on a lot of peoples mind since the beginning of civilization as we know it. Most societies have been and continue to organize their institutions so that that the benefits and burdens are systematically distributed unequally among different categories of people. Some might say that poverty is necessary however unfortunate. Without poor individuals a lot of necessary yet â€Å"dirty† jobs would never get done. Also some might point out that there are limited resources and that it should be a fight to see who gets what and how much. Others may feel differently and believe that equality should be a human right and every individual should have an opportunity at the resources. Yet in order to change the system from unequal to equal the people at the top of the hierarchal pyramid would have to give up some of...

The Lowbrow Movement in Art History

The Lowbrow Movement in Art History Lowbrow is a movement - slowly gaining momentum - that doesnt necessarily care if The Art World recognizes it as such. What matters to Lowbrow is that most of us average people do recognize it. Anyone who has ever watched cartoons, read Mad magazine, enjoyed a John Waters film, consumed a product with a corporate logo or possessed a sense of humor shouldnt have a hard time getting comfy with Lowbrow. Lowbrow-the-Movement has here been assigned a circa of 1994, as that is the year that Lowbrow artist extraordinaire Robert Williams founded Juxtapoz magazine. Juxtapoz showcases Lowbrow artists and is currently the second best-selling art magazine in the U.S. (This seems like a good time to mention, too, that Williams claims copyright on the word Lowbrow. As both pioneer and current grandee of the movement, he is certainly entitled.) The roots of Lowbrow, however, go back decades to Southern California hotrods (Kustom Kars) and surf culture. Ed (Big Daddy) Roth is frequently credited with getting Lowbrow, as a movement, underway by creating Rat Fink in the late 1950s. During the 60s, Lowbrow (not known as such, then) branched out into underground Comix (yes, that is how it is spelled, in this context) - particularly Zap and the work of R. Crumb, Victor Moscoso, S. Clay Wilson and the aforementioned Williams. Over the years, Lowbrow has unapologetically picked up influences from classic cartoons, 60s TV sitcoms, psychedelic (and any other type of) rock music, pulp art, soft porn, comic books, sci-fi, B (or lower) horror movies, Japanese anime and black velvet Elvis, among many other subcultural offerings. The Legitimacy of the Lowbrow Art Movement Well, The Art World seems to get to decide these things. Time will tell. Its worth noting, however, that The Art World didnt cotton to many movements when they first emerged. The Impressionists endured years of lampooning by art critics - many of whom probably went to their graves kicking themselves black and blue for not buying early Impressionist works. Similar stories exist about Dada, Expressionism, Surrealism, Fauvism, the Indian River School, Realism, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood...aw, gee whiz. Itd be easier to list the times The Art World got in on the ground floor of a movement, wouldnt it? If the test of time for legitimacy (as an artistic movement) means that Lowbrow speaks/spoke, in visual terms, to the millions of us who share a common cultural, symbolic language - albeit a lower or middle class, media-driven language - then, yes, Lowbrow is here to stay. Anthropologists will probably study Lowbrow in the future, to attempt to figure out late 20th and early 21st U.S. societal influences. Characteristics of Lowbrow Art Lowbrow was born of underground or street culture. The single most common tactic that Lowbrow artists employ is to poke fun at convention. They know the rules of art and consciously choose not to abide by them. Lowbrow art has a sense of humor. Sometimes the humor is gleeful, sometimes its impish and sometimes its born of sarcastic comment, but it is always present. Lowbrow draws heavily on icons of popular culture, particularly those now commonly known as Retro. Tail-end Baby Boomers will recognize them straight away​ unless said Boomers were raised in an environment that disallowed outside influences. Lowbrow, while it is defining itself, goes by a number of aliases: underground, visionary, Neo-Pop, anti-establishment and Kustom are but several examples. Additionally, John Seabrook has coined the phrase Nobrow, and one has also seen the term Newbrow. For the time being, most Lowbrow art isnt sanctioned by the critical/curatorial/gallery-going mainstream. The few exceptions to this seem to be happening primarily in the greater Los Angeles area, with a smattering of southern Florida exhibitions thrown in. Juxtapoz magazine is the best bet for becoming acquainted with Lowbrow artists. Lowbrow currently suffers something of an identity crisis, due to having a wide variety of artists lumped into it. For example, the designer of a simple, kitschy decal may be accorded the same Lowbrow designation as the artist who composes a technically masterful Lowbrow painting or sci-fi sculpture. Hopefully, this will sort itself out in years to come. Meanwhile, you might want to begin collecting Lowbrow now, for the sakes of your grandchildren.

Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Drugs - Essay Example In the second case, the EU also passes a (fictitious) directive on the right of all residents to high speed broadband by Jan 2014. This includes the duty to replace all existing broad band connections with modern connections to the new fibre optic system. The Directive is to be implemented by Member States by July 2013. The UK Statutory Instrument implementing the directive says that ‘all connections within private buildings will be replaced with modern connections.’ The connections are being changed by a subcontractor; Sparky Ltd. Sparky has been given a wide discretion as to how they complete the job as long as they are finished by December 2013. They are given details of all current broadband users so that they can contact them to arrange changing the connections. Martin’s small IT business leases part of a building used by the local secondary school. This is a public building. Sparky therefore refuse to replace the connections as they are only required to repl ace connections in private buildings. As a result, Martin loses business to operators who are able to offer high-speed broadband. The EU law should be able to assist both Bob and Martin. In the case of Bob, the regulation passed by the EU requiring that current copper wire network gets replaced with fibre optic cable by December 2013 is a type of EU law that is directly effective. Worth noting, however, is that the responsibility to enforce the EU regulation does not rest exclusively with the EU. EU law does not just come up with legal rights and obligations for member states; this was famously said by the Court during the Van Gend Loos case that obligations are also imposed. According to the legal system developed by the treaties of EU, a distinction is made between national and international law; the reason the system is in existence is because it was created by member states through

Fundamentals of business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fundamentals of business - Essay Example From that initial initiative, the company grew manifold and in that time, changed the name from PC’s Limited to "Dell Computer Corporation" in 1988 Dell Inc. Corporation is a computer company located in Round Rock, Texas. It builds and sells personal computers and other products, which are related computers. â€Å"The company currently sells personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals and televisions.† (crunchbase.com). Presently, close to 100,000 people work in Dell and its worldwide operations. Dell had its best growth during 1980s and 1990s, and thus its optimal growth elevated it as the largest seller of Personal Computers and servers. But, in early 2000’s, Dell’s was overtaken by Hewlett-Packard. So after 2008, it held the second spot in computer-sales within the industry behind the Hewlett-Packard Company. Dell has been a pioneer in the business of manufacturing made to order PCs and laptops and manufacture of x86 servers. To diversify its portfolio it has expanded its product range to include data storage hardware, printers and their cartridges, networking switches and hand held PCs as well as proving software solutions. The company has a global reach and has offices in Europe, Asia and Japan besides America. The company aims to produce high quality products at a low cost and use this strategy to achieve profitability. Michael Dell, who is the founder and currently the Chairman and CEO, held around 10% of the company’s shares. Rest of the key stake holders are institutional and mutual fund owners besides the small time investors. Customers: We believe in creating loyal customers by providing a superior experience at a great value. We are committed to direct relationships, providing the best products and services based on standards-based technology, and outperforming the competition with value and a superior

Project 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Project 3 - Essay Example In case the tenant damages any property within the apartment, the law provides that it should be tabulated and written down. In case the landlord has any intentions to withhold, the security amount, the same should be communicated to in advance. On the other hand, the tenant has certain rights within the frame work of law. Sec 8-211 provides that the tenant could make repairs and deduct the commensurate amount from the rent. On the other hand, the landlord has a duty to mitigate the effects of the damages through initiatives such as re renting the premises. The law provides that in cases where the lease in question is one of 1 year, a three months’ notice should be given. There is however, an exception in case of farm tenancies that run for 6 months. In case the tenants- landlord agreement is a month to month, there should be one month notice. It is now proper to turn to instances where there is breach or violation of lease agreement, Sec 402.1(a)(1) provides that eviction notice should be given 30 days. However, in cases where the tenant poses a great danger it should be given 14 days. The landlord has the obligation of abiding by the laws when terminating the lease agreement. In this respect, the landlord is barred by the law to take possession of the leased property unless within the confines of the law. On the same note the landlord can only take possession of the tenant’s property only in case the tenant does not give legal notice on exit. Before the tenants enter any premise, the landlord has the duty to disclose all the relevant information. Within such information should be the right of the tenants, the landlord’s right to inspect the premises. Within such information should also be the person whom the landlord may direct to act on their behalf. Based on the above provisions, it is now in order to discuss the matters that relate to the case above. It is evident

What is the marketing mix

What is the marketing mix What is the Marketing Mix The marketing mix of Product, Price, Promotion, and Place was introduced to marketing education by McCarthy (Yudelson 1999). First formulated as a pedagogical tool, the concept of the 4Ps represents a comprehensive way to describe the main tasks of marketing managers. (Goldsmith 1999). It is utilised to implement corporate planning after having researched and audited the marketing environment, identified and understood the customer, established a strategy and decided which market(s) or market segments to serve, or want to serve (Anonymous 2006). The Marketing Mix has its origins in the 60s: Neil Borden (1964) identified twelve controllable marketing elements that would result to a profitable business operation. Jerome McCarthy (1064) reduced Bordens factors to a simple four-element framework: Product, Price, Promotion and Place. Practitioners and academics embraced the Mix paradigm that soon became the established and essential element of marketing theory and operational marketing management. (Constantinides 2006) The 4Ps were a suitable framework for the 1960s environment which was characterised by profit making consumer manufacturing companies who were concerned with reaching their customers in an age of emerging mass media and national mass markets. (Anonymous 2006) Eventually the 4Ps of the marketing mix became an unquestionable paradigm in academic research, the validity of which was taken for granted. (Grà ¶nroos 1994). There are voices though from academics and researchers which shout that the Marketing Mix in the fo rm of the 4Ps is not able to face the latest marketing challenges. The components of the Mix Product Since its the consumers perception that should be the centre of product policy, the product should not be defined as just the set of its own physical properties. The perceptions are influenced by different parameters, such as any associated services, the image, the brand name, even the social and cultural connections, or the perception of its own differentiation from competition. A product is a mixture of tangible and intangible attributes, including functional, social and psychological utilities or benefits (Anonymous 2006). Price Price is the only revenue generating element of the marketing mix; the other elements consume resources. There are three basic pricing strategies that all organisations can pursue for existing products: pricing above the market (higher than similar competitve products), pricing below the market (lower than competition) and pricing at the market (almost at the price of competition) (Anonymous 2006). Promotion One long-term purpose of promotion is to influence and encourage buyers to accept or adopt goods, services and ideas. Potential buyers go through a psychological or behavioural process before purchasing a product. AIDA, which is an acronym for Attention, Interest, Desire and Action incorporates psychological processes: attention is a cognitive process, interest and desire are affective processes and action is a manifest behaviour process (Anonymous 2006). Place Place, or distribution strategy concerns the routes by which marketers of products and services can ensure that these reach their intended market. We normally refer to these routes as marketing channels, which include those intermediaries that products and services pass through from the point of production to the point of final use (Anonymous 2006). Criticism TQM and Relationships Management: Adaptation, not Revolution Yudelson (1999) identified six major marketing developments that challenged the 4Ps since the introduction of the Marketing Mix. Focus on the customer via the Marketing Concept (1960s); Broadening of marketing to include not-for-profits, services, causes, and even politics (1970s); Identification of the exchange transaction as the core of marketing (1970s); Introduction of Total Quality Management with its emphasis on customer satisfaction (1980s); Extension from transaction marketing to relationship marketing (1990s); Identification of the firm as a member of a complete value chain (1990s). Since the 80s, the definition of Product as anything offered is challenged due to the new perspective that organisations face: The success depends on the ability to transform satisfaction to delight. Customer satisfaction is identified as the new driving force, and that is one of the foundational ideas of TQM. Place is expanded to include the entire distribution system, which creates time and place utility and may incorporate specific systems such as just-in-time delivery as part of channel management. During the 1990s, another significant shift occurred. The role of relationships in the marketing activities of the organisation replaced the transaction perspective of earlier times. Price is no longer the amount of money paid to acquire a single Product but the lifetime costs associated with the acquisition, use, and ultimately disposal of the benefits attained during a period of time. Place is no longer just the point of exchange since that fails to communicate the interactions that occur as the product changes ownership and utility from conceptualisation to final disposal. Yudelson suggests that after nearly 40 years, the 4Ps need to let go because, as shown, the terminology has not managed to handle the challenges of developments in marketing thought and practice. However, no commonly agreed or satisfactory replacement has appeared and anyone who grew up on the concept of marketing mix (customers, marketing professionals and academics) would face significant dissonance if the key paradigm were dismissed. So, he suggests that the best strategy is Adaptation and not Revolution. His proposed adaptation focuses on the essential aspects of marketing as exchange driven behaviour, maintains the simplicity and familiarity of the 4Ps, recognises the concerns of past critics, and is capable of applying to both single instance transactions and long-term strategic relationships. Product should be redefined as all the benefits (present or anticipated) that the buyer or acquirer obtains from the exchange. It is recommended that Product be renamed as Performance to communicate the sense of benefit to the customer. Price should be redefined as everything that the acquirer gives up to obtain the benefits. It is suggested that we refer to the second P as Penalty to signify those things that the customer would have to give up or seek to minimize while obtaining the benefit or Performance associated with the exchange. Promotion should be redefined to include all of the information that is communicated between the parties to the transaction in keeping with the current thought on Integrated Marketing Communications. The purpose of the communication or information is to influence or encourage each party to enter into the transaction/ relationship. This is accomplished by providing information regarding the costs and benefits of the transaction-or better-the Perception of the Performance and Penalty. Place can be now defined as all that is done and required to facilitate or bring about the exchange and therefore, Yudelson proposes its redefinition as Process. Relationships Marketing A paradigm shift Grà ¶nroos (1994) believes that a paradigm shift is taking place in marketing. One of the main reasons lies beneath the nature of marketing mix. The marketing mix is a list of categories of marketing variables. A list never includes all relevant elements, it does not fit every situation, and it becomes obsolete. Moreover, the 4Ps represent an oversimplification of Bordens original concept, which was a list of 12 elements not intended to be a definition at all. This list would most probably have to be reconsidered in any given situation. Grà ¶nroos believes that McCarthy either misunderstood the meaning of Bordens marketing mix or his followers misunderstood McCarthys intentions. Probably Bordens original idea of a list of a large number of marketing mix ingredients that have to be reconsidered in every given situation was shortened for pedagogical reasons and a more limited number of marketing variables seemed to fit typical situations observed in the late 1950s and in the 1960s. T he 4Ps were never applicable to all markets and to all types of marketing situations. The development of alternative marketing theories (interaction/network approach to industrial marketing and the marketing of services, customer relationship economics) demonstrates that even from a management perspective, the marketing mix and its 4Ps became a problem. Gronroos concludes that in industrial marketing, services marketing, managing distribution channels and even consumer packaged goods marketing itself, a shift is clearly taking place from marketing to anonymous masses of customer to developing and managing relationships with more or less well-known or at least somehow identified customers. Other Reviews and Criticism Constantinides (2006) undertook a literature review on the status of Marketing Mix at the 21st century. He discovered that many researchers express serious doubts as to the role of the Mix as marketing management tool in its original form, proposing alternative approaches: adding new parameters to the original Mix (e.g. 7Ps for services) or replacing it with alternative frameworks altogether. Some of the weaknesses of the 4Ps identified in the study are domain specific: ignoring the human factor, lack of strategic dimensions, offensive posture and lack of interactivity. Two limitations however seem to be common in all reviewed categories: The models internal orientation: The lack of explicit market input in the framework which sources from the fact that the Mix was originally developed as a concept suitable for marketing of consumer products in the mass-oriented US manufacturing sector of the 60s The lack of personalisation: Significant shifts of consumer behaviour such as individualisation, diminishing brand preference, value orientation, increasing sophistication etc. have undermined the effectiveness of the impersonal one-way communication and the mass marketing approaches. Hyman (2004) undertook a similar study on the criticism of the Mix. According to that, some marketers contend that the scope of the 4Ps is insufficient from a pedagogical or applied perspective. To address this limitation, they updated the schema by refining the current Ps, adding new Ps, broadening its perspective, or adapting it to specific industries. Moreover, he summarised previously published criticism of the 4Ps: Inadequate theoretical grounding Not formally integrated into the exchange paradigm Fails three of the five requirements for a sound classification schema Overly focused on consumer goods, yet is production rather than marketing-concept oriented Cannot account for the full range of marketing management activities Ignores strategic marketing Focuses only on the acquisition stage of consumption Contains an increasingly catch-all (i.e. atheoretically focused) promotion category Fails to account for interactions between Ps or boundary-spanning topics Is incompatible with the relationship-marketing paradigm van Waterschoot and Van den Bulte (1992) in their own research identified five key limitations of the 4Ps model: It focuses on what marketers do to customers rather than for them. It is externally directed and ignores the internal market. It says nothing about interactions between the mix variables. It takes a mechanistic view about markets. It assumes a transactional exchange rather than a relationship. The Xbox 360 Marketing Mix The Xbox 360 is the second video game console produced by Microsoft, and was developed in cooperation with IBM, ATI, and SiS. The Xbox 360 is the successor to the Xbox, and competes with Sonys PlayStation 3 and Nintendos Wii as part of the seventh generation of gaming systems (usually called next-gen) (Wikipedia 2007). Product Name and Concept The term 360 represents a circle and is inline with the concept of the product. The customer is placed at The centre of the experience. Its a videogame and an entertainment system that integrates music, picture, games and movies. Everything revolves around the customer.(Porcaro 2005) Classification Xbox 360 belongs to the shopping consumer products category, which includes products purchased after the consumer shops around to find the best deal based on comparisons of price, quality, style, durability and other product attributes that are felt to be important. Although due to shortage at its launch many consumers were making effort to find one and others were forced to buy from eBay at inflated prices, 3 months after the launch the console could be purchased with smaller effort. Therefore, a classification of Speciality is not justified. Product Mix The total set of products a company sells is called its product mix, which consists of its component product lines. The product mix of Microsoft regarding console gaming consists of the following product lines: Xbox 360 consoles, the Xbox Live Services (Marketplace, Video and Arcade), console accessories and Microsoft Games. Xbox 360 Product Line During launch only two configurations were available; the Core and the Premium versions. Over time, the product line length rose to 3, in an Up-Market Stretch move from Microsoft, by introducing a high end version (Elite). Product Positioning Microsoft targets both casual and hard-core gamers. The Core and Arcade versions seem attractive to the former, while Premium and Elite are more appropriate to the latter. Product Levels The five levels of customer value hierarchy are as follows (Kotler and Keller 2006): Core benefit: The benefit that the customer is really buying. The buyer of the Xox 360 is buying video gaming. Basic Product: The Xbox 360 includes a video games console and a controller. Expected product: A set of attributes and conditions the buyers normally expect. Gamers expect from the seventh generation of gaming systems good graphics and sound performance, a wireless controller, digital connection with the HD TV and the amplifier, online gaming with friends through the internet and the ability to listen to music and watch videos. Augmented product: The level in which the product exceeds customer expectations. The Xbox 360 through its Xbox LIVE service lets the customers download purchased or promotional material. This includes game demos, movie and game trailers, Arcade games as well as add-on game content (items, costumes, levels, maps etc). Potential product: All the possible augmentations and transformations the product might undergo in the future. Even before the launch of Xbox 360, Microsoft was researching ways to create a video store accessible through the console, as well as a TV service which would add IPTV functionality. One year after the launch of the console, the Xbox Video Marketplace was introduced in the United States, and the Microsoft TV service under development. Pricing The following table summarises competition pricing during their respective launch. Note that Playstation and Wii launched at November 2006, almost a year later than Xbox. The Xbox 360 was the first next-gen console to enter the market. Generally, if the product is an innovation, then the initial price is usually set quite high (Anonymous 2006), but this is not the policy that Microsoft followed. Microsoft used the strategy of Price penetration, in an effort to take as much market share as possible. In fact, it was reported that Microsoft was losing $126 per unit sold (Joystiq 2005). Robbie Bach, president of Entertainment and Devices Division, said that the Xbox 360 business will become profitable in 2008 and that the profit to make is not on the hardware itself, but rather on Live service subscriptions, accessories and games (Gamedaily 2007). In August 2007, Microsoft dropped the prices by à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 20 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 50. In October 2007, they introduced the Arcade version and priced it exactly the same as the Wii, that is At the market. Odd-even pricing assumes product sales benefit from prices such as  £99.99 rather than  £100.00, because customers will think the product is a good deal (Anonymous 2006). As we saw, Microsoft followed this policy, as all next-gen competitors did. Promotion Microsoft utilized the following Marketing Communications Mix for the launch of the console system. Advertising The advertising campaign took place via television, magazines and internet sites. The tag line was Jump In, which was in complete accordance with the name and the concept of the product (the center of the experience). The ads were introducing the idea that its more fun to play when youre part of a community, that games have always been more fun when you play with friends (Porcaro 2005). Sales Promotion The sales promotion took place through online contests and websites. OurColony.net offered challenges to its community, rewarding solutions with cropped pictures of the console and game screenshots. OrigenXbox360.com was offering visitors an opportunity to enter in various contests for a chance to attend promotional pre-launch events. Hex168.com hosted a number of images that appeared to perpetuate obscure conspiracy theories, but sometimes contained oblique references to Xbox 360. The campaign was later revealed to be a U.S. contest that offered participants a chance to win one of three hundred and sixty Xbox 360 console bundles six days before the official launch (Wikipedia 2007). Marketing Public Relations In order to assist the launch and to increase awareness, Microsoft made use of Marketing Public Relations. The official unveiling of the Xbox 360 occurred on May 2005 on MTV in a program called MTV Presents: The Next Generation Xbox Revealed (Wikipedia 2007). Elijah Wood hosted the show which featured a musical performance by the band The Killers. Ten days later the Xbox 360 was featured on the cover of TIME Magazine along with an associated article. Obviously, the viewers of MTV belong to the target market, while the cover of TIME magazine was a huge boost to the hype. Events Microsoft is one of the major exhibitors in the annual E3 Media and Business Summit which is considered as the biggest annual event in the video game industry. The announcements regarding future development are taking place at the Microsoft keynote event, which is highly anticipated by the worldwide video game media and community. Microsoft is also a frequent sponsor to gaming events. In association with adidas and EA Sports, they sponsored the Xbox World Cup, which received a lot of publicity by the gaming community. Gamers who qualified through national preliminary rounds were given an all-expenses paid trip to Berlin to take part in the competition representing their nations in matches that took place in an 8,500 seat stadium. Microsoft managed to identify with the target market as well as increase awareness and express commitment to the community. Place (Distribution) As mentioned earlier, the product suffered from shortages during its launch, due to huge demand and slow production. However, three months later the problems had been bypassed and it is worth noted that in its first year on the market, the system launched in 36 countries, more countries than any console has launched in a single year. Microsoft chose to distribute the products through the Producer >> Wholesaler >> Retailer >> Consumer channel. For the countries where Microsoft has physical presence, the Wholesaler intermediary part was played by the regional division. The Xbox 360 is distributed intensively, which means that all available outlets are used for distributing it. Conclusion The marketing mix of Product, Price, Promotion, and Place was introduced to marketing education during the 1960s. Practitioners and academics embraced the paradigm that soon became the established element of marketing theory and operational marketing management. Eventually the 4Ps of the marketing mix became an unquestionable paradigm in academic research, the validity of which was taken for granted. However, many researchers and academics object. Yudelson believes that the Mix requires adaptation to the challenges of the era (TQM and the role of relationships) and proposes redefinition of the components. Grà ¶nroos argues the 4Ps was never intended to become a paradigm and started as a simple list which was an oversimplification of a larger list. He states that the 4Ps were never applicable to all markets and to all types of marketing situations, and that we have started to experience a paradigm shift towards relationships marketing. Other studies also conclude that the marketing m ix of the 4Ps is getting old and cannot address complex environment issues, such as management of personalisation. The application of the marketing mix model to the Xbox 360 gaming console system revealed that model managed to incorporate some of the major marketing planning activities of Microsoft under its 4Ps components. However, Yudelsons model seems to apply better. Xbox 360 is not just about the actual console product, but through its integration with other products and services its about the Performance of the entertainment experience. Its Promotion is inline with the current thought on Integrated Marketing Communications. And finally, its Place (distribution) is more about the Process of distribution, from which Microsoft actually suffered during the launch. Also, the marketing mix model failed to incorporate the personalisation component of the product. That is, through the LIVE services each user is uniquely identified. Microsoft has access to personal information, such as favourite games, music and movies and is able to propose similar content to the customers upon request. Unfortunate ly, the 4Ps did not manage to capture this aspect of Xbox 360 marketing. We conclude that the marketing mix is a tool which has performed well in the past and may still do in many cases. However, the increasingly complex environment demands adaptation and expansion. Personalisation for example is a very important component and should be incorporated under the umbrella of the new XPs, whatever number the academia decides that X should be. References Anonymous (2006). Strategic Marketing Module Book Edition 10, Management Centre, University of Leicester. Borden, N.H. (1964), The concept of the Marketing Mix, Journal of Advertising Research, June, pp 2-7 Constantinides, E. (2006), The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing, Journal of Marketing Management 2006, 22, pp 407-438 Gamedaily, http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/features/bach-xbox-business-profitable-next-year/70371/?biz=1, [15 December 2007] Goldsmith, R. E. (1999), The personalised marketplace: beyond the 4Ps, Marketing Intelligence Planning 17/4, pp 178-185 Grà ¶nroos, C. 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